How Everyday Beauty Products May Contribute to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and Oligomenorrhea in Women

Yakubu Adam, Toxicologist

The world of beauty is a vibrant one, with perfumes and makeup symbolizing glamour, confidence, and self-expression. However, beneath the allure of luxurious scents and vibrant palettes lies a troubling reality: certain chemicals found in these everyday products could be contributing to hormonal imbalances, particularly polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and oligomenorrhea (infrequent menstruation). For women in Ghana and worldwide, the impact of these disorders is significant, as they can lead to infertility, metabolic dysfunction, and reduced quality of life. Recent research has pointed to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as phthalates, bisphenols, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and parabens as major culprits.

As a toxicologist, I believe it is imperative to educate the public about these risks and advocate for safer alternatives.

Endocrine Disruptors
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are compounds that interfere with the body’s hormonal system, which regulates growth, metabolism, reproduction, and mood. By mimicking, blocking, or altering hormone production, EDCs create imbalances that can disrupt the menstrual cycle and ovarian function. PCOS, a common hormonal disorder among women of reproductive age, and oligomenorrhea have been strongly linked to such hormonal disruptions.

In beauty products, these chemicals are often used to enhance fragrance, improve product longevity, or create a desirable texture. However, their convenience comes at a cost. EDCs can accumulate in the body over time, especially with repeated exposure, increasing the risk of hormonal irregularities.

Chemicals of Concern

1. Phthalates

   Phthalates, a group of chemicals used to stabilize fragrances and increase the flexibility of plastics, are ubiquitous in perfumes, lotions, and cosmetics. These compounds are readily absorbed through the skin or inhaled, making them a major source of exposure.

   Research from the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (2019) demonstrated that women with higher phthalate exposure exhibited elevated levels of testosterone, a common feature in PCOS. This hormonal imbalance disrupts ovulation and contributes to symptoms such as acne, excessive hair growth, and infertility.

2. Bisphenols (BPA and BPS)

   Bisphenols are primarily used in plastic packaging but can also leach into cosmetics and skincare products. These compounds mimic estrogen, binding to estrogen receptors and disrupting natural hormonal signaling. A study published in Environmental Health Perspectives (2020) revealed that BPA exposure impairs ovarian follicle development and ovulation, increasing the risk of oligomenorrhea and infertility.

   Unfortunately, even “BPA-free” products are not always safe, as alternatives like Bisphenol S (BPS) have shown similar endocrine-disrupting effects.

3. Per-PolyfluoroalkylSubstances (PFAS)

   PFAS are a group of synthetic chemicals found in waterproof mascaras, foundations, and lipsticks. Known as “forever chemicals” due to their persistence in the environment and the body, PFAS have been linked to reduced fertility and menstrual disturbances. A 2021 study in Environmental Science & Technology highlighted that PFAS exposure alters the production of sex hormones, including estrogen and progesterone, leading to reproductive dysfunction.

4. Parabens

   Used as preservatives in cosmetics to prevent microbial growth, parabens are easily absorbed through the skin. Once in the body, they mimic estrogen and disrupt normal hormonal function. Research published in Toxicology Letters (2018) found that parabens accumulate in ovarian tissue, impairing ovarian function and increasing the risk of PCOS.

5. Heavy Metals

   Lead, cadmium, and mercury, often found in lipsticks, eyeliners, and skin-lightening products, are toxic to the reproductive system. A study in the Journal of Reproductive Toxicology (2017) found that chronic exposure to heavy metals damages ovarian cells and disrupts hormone production, exacerbating menstrual irregularities.

6. Toluene and Formaldehyde

   Frequently used in nail polishes and hair treatments, toluene and formaldehyde are neurotoxic and carcinogenic. Additionally, they generate oxidative stress in ovarian cells, further impairing hormonal balance, as noted in research from Reproductive Toxicology (2017).

A Growing Concern
In Ghana, the use of beauty products is on the rise, driven by increasing urbanization, globalization, and social media influence. However, many imported cosmetics lack proper regulation and may contain higher concentrations of harmful chemicals compared to products sold in regions with stricter guidelines, such as the European Union. The proliferation of counterfeit beauty products further compounds the problem, exposing consumers to unknown risks.

Traditional skin-lightening products, widely used in Ghana, are often laden with mercury and hydroquinone, both of which pose severe risks to reproductive health. Despite efforts by the Food and Drugs Authority (FDA) to regulate these products, enforcement remains challenging due to limited resources and consumer awareness.

What Consumers Should Know and Do
To protect their reproductive health, women must become vigilant about the products they use. Here are some key recommendations:

1. Read Labels Carefully

   Look for products labelled as "paraben-free," "phthalate-free," and "BPA-free." Avoid products that list “fragrance” or “parfum” as an ingredient, as these often conceal harmful chemicals. Be especially cautious with waterproof and long-lasting cosmetics, which are more likely to contain PFAS.

2. Opt for Certified Natural or Organic Products

   Products certified by organizations like COSMOS, ECOCERT, or the Environmental Working Group (EWG) adhere to stricter safety standards. Locally-made products using natural ingredients like shea butter, cocoa butter, and coconut oil are excellent alternatives.

3. DIY Alternatives

   Homemade beauty solutions using natural ingredients are both safe and cost-effective. For example, raw shea butter mixed with essential oils can serve as a moisturizer, while turmeric and honey make for an excellent face mask.

4. Reduce Exposure

   Minimize the use of heavily scented products, limit the frequency of makeup application, and ensure proper ventilation when using nail products or hair treatments.

Safer Alternatives
Fortunately, the beauty industry is witnessing a surge in natural and organic alternatives that prioritize consumer safety. Brands that are certified by organizations such as COSMOS or ECOCERT adhere to stricter standards, eliminating the use of harmful chemicals. Additionally, locally-sourced products made from shea butter, cocoa butter, and natural oils, such as coconut or baobab oil, provide excellent alternatives to synthetic cosmetics in Ghana.

DIY beauty routines are also gaining popularity. Homemade masks, scrubs, and moisturizers using natural ingredients like honey, turmeric, aloe vera, and avocado are safe and effective alternatives. These not only minimize chemical exposure but also support sustainable practices.

The Role of Regulation and Advocacy
Governments, regulatory agencies, and health organizations must strengthen their oversight of the cosmetics industry. In Ghana, the Food and Drugs Authority (FDA) should increase routine testing of imported and locally manufactured cosmetics to ensure compliance with safety standards. Public health campaigns should emphasize the risks associated with harmful chemicals and promote informed consumer choices.

Internationally, collaborations between governments and organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) are vital in creating a harmonized approach to banning or restricting hazardous chemicals. The European Union’s lead in prohibiting over 1,300 chemicals in cosmetics is an example for other countries to follow.

In conclusion, the growing prevalence of PCOS and oligomenorrhea in Ghana and beyond underscores the need to examine environmental contributors, including the chemicals in beauty products. As research continues to unveil the link between endocrine disruptors and hormonal health, consumers must prioritize safety over superficial appeal. By choosing products free from harmful chemicals and advocating for stricter regulations, we can protect our reproductive health and empower future generations to do the same.

Source
Yakubu Adam
Toxicologist
Forensic Investigation for National Development-Ghana

References

• Environmental Health Perspectives. (2020). Bisphenol A and its impact on ovarian follicle development.
• Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. (2019). Phthalates and hormonal imbalances in women with PCOS.
• Environmental Science & Technology. (2021). PFAS chemicals in cosmetics and reproductive health risks.
• Toxicology Letters. (2018). Parabens and their effects on ovarian dysfunction.
• Reproductive Toxicology. (2017). Toluene and oxidative stress in ovarian cells.