body-container-line-1

Egypt replants mangrove 'treasure' to fight climate change impacts

By Bahira AMIN
Egypt Workers replant mangrove trees in Egypt's Red Sea coast near Marsa Alam. The trees act as a natural barrier against rising seas and extreme weather.  By Khaled DESOUKI AFP
OCT 7, 2022 LISTEN
Workers replant mangrove trees in Egypt's Red Sea coast near Marsa Alam. The trees act as a natural barrier against rising seas and extreme weather. By Khaled DESOUKI (AFP)

On Egypt's Red Sea coast, fish swim among thousands of newly planted mangroves, part of a programme to boost biodiversity, protect coastlines and fight climate change and its impacts.

After decades of destruction that saw the mangroves cleared, all that remained were fragmented patches totalling some 500 hectares (1,200 acres), the size of only a few hundred football pitches.

Sayed Khalifa, the head of Egypt's agriculture syndicate who is leading mangrove replanting efforts, calls the unique plants a "treasure" because of their ability to grow in salt water where they face no problems of drought.

"It's an entire ecosystem," Khalifa said, knee-deep in the water. "When you plant mangroves, marine life, crustaceans and birds all flock in."

Mangroves absorb five times more carbon than forests on land, and because they live in salt water, there is no problem of drought.  By Khaled DESOUKI AFP Mangroves absorb five times more carbon than forests on land, and because they live in salt water, there is no problem of drought. By Khaled DESOUKI (AFP)

Between the tentacle-like roots of months-old saplings, small fish and tiny crab larvae dart through the shallows -- making the trees key nurseries of marine life.

Khalifa's team are growing tens of thousands of seedlings in a nursery, which are then used to rehabilitate six key areas on the Red Sea and Sinai coast, aiming to replant some 210 hectares.

But Khalifa dreams of extending the mangroves as far "as possible," pointing past a yacht marina some six kilometres (four miles) to the south.

The about $50,000-a-year government-backed programme was launched five years ago.

'Punch above their weight'

Mangroves provide shelter for a host of other species, as well as acting as powerful carbon sink battling climate change.  By Khaled DESOUKI AFP Mangroves provide shelter for a host of other species, as well as acting as powerful carbon sink battling climate change. By Khaled DESOUKI (AFP)

Mangroves also have a powerful impact in combating climate change.

The resilient trees "punch above their weight" absorbing five times more carbon than forests on land, according to the UN Environment Programme (UNEP).

The stands of trees also help filter out water pollution and act as a natural barrier against rising seas and extreme weather, shielding coastal communities from destructive storms.

UNEP calculates that protecting mangroves is a thousand times cheaper than building seawalls over the same distance.

Despite their value, mangroves have been annihilated worldwide at rapid speed.

Over a third of mangroves globally have been lost globally, researchers estimate, with losses up to 80 percent in some coastlines of the Indian Ocean.

Sayed Khalifa heads the mangrove reforestation project, which aims to boost the coverage of the trees along the Red Sea coast.  By Khaled DESOUKI AFP Sayed Khalifa heads the mangrove reforestation project, which aims to boost the coverage of the trees along the Red Sea coast. By Khaled DESOUKI (AFP)

Mangrove expert Niko Howai, from Britain's University of Reading, said in the past many governments had not appreciated "the importance of mangroves", eyeing instead lucrative "opportunities to earn revenue" including through coastal development.

In Egypt's case, "mass tourism activities and resorts, which cause pollution", as well as boat activity and oil drilling wreaked havoc on mangroves, said Kamal Shaltout, a botany professor at Egypt's Tanta University.

Shaltout warned that mangrove restoration efforts "will go to waste" if these threats are not addressed.

"The problem is that the mangroves we have are so limited in number that any damage causes total disruption," he said.

Impact of mass tourism

As part of the mangrove reforestation project, seedlings are grown at a special nursery.  By Khaled DESOUKI AFP As part of the mangrove reforestation project, seedlings are grown at a special nursery. By Khaled DESOUKI (AFP)

There is little reliable information to indicate how much has been lost, but Shaltout said "there are areas that have been completely destroyed", particularly around the major resort town of Hurghada.

Red Sea tourism accounts for 65 percent of Egypt's vital tourism industry.

The scale of damage, a 2018 study by Shaltout and other researchers found, "probably far exceeds what could be replaced by any replanting programme for years to come".

Efforts to link up replanted areas will be potentially blocked by barriers of marinas, resorts and coastal settlements.

"Mangroves are hardy, but they are also sensitive, especially as saplings," Howai said.

Mangroves are remarkable for growing in salt water, and the trees are key nurseries of marine life.  By Khaled DESOUKI AFP Mangroves are remarkable for growing in salt water, and the trees are key nurseries of marine life. By Khaled DESOUKI (AFP)

"Intermingling mangrove reforestation with existing development projects is not impossible, but it is going to be more challenging."

To be successful, Shaltout said that tourist operators must be involved, including by tasking resorts with replanting areas themselves.

"It could even come with certain tax benefits, to tell them that just like they have turned a profit, they should also play a role in protecting nature," the botanist said.

body-container-line