The Hidden Threat: Why Ghana Must Pay More Attention to Female Genital Schistosomiasis

There is a particular health problem that can remain hidden for years — Female Genital Schistosomiasis is one of them.

Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS) is a condition affecting women in Ghana, especially those living near rivers and other freshwater sources. It is caused by Schistosoma haematobium and can affect the cervix, vagina, and other reproductive organs.

FGS can be difficult to recognize because its symptoms are not always unique. Women may experience vaginal discharge, itching, pelvic pain, painful sex, or bleeding after sex. These symptoms can easily be mistaken for sexually transmitted infections or other reproductive health issues.

The problem becomes more serious because FGS can alter the appearance of the cervix. During examination, healthcare workers may observe sandy patches, small bumps, or unusual blood vessels. Some of these changes resemble cervical abnormalities, making diagnosis challenging.

This is why women with suspected FGS may also benefit from cervical cancer screening. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer, and FGS can contribute to long‑term inflammation and damage to reproductive tissues.

One useful diagnostic method is liquid‑based cytology. In simple terms, cells are collected from the cervix and placed in a special liquid before being examined under a microscope. This allows laboratory professionals to identify abnormal cells and classify them using the Bethesda System.

Research in Ghana’s Volta Region has highlighted the importance of paying closer attention to FGS. A previous study found many women with visual signs of FGS and recommended complementary methods such as cervical cytology to improve diagnosis and strengthen cervical cancer screening.

Ghana already has programmes for controlling schistosomiasis and preventing cervical cancer. However, these services are often handled separately. Integrating them could help healthcare workers identify both conditions earlier, especially among women living in communities with limited access to specialized healthcare.

FGS may be a hidden disease, but it does not have to remain hidden. Ghana needs greater awareness, improved diagnostic approaches, and stronger reproductive health services.

Paying closer attention to FGS could help women receive the right care earlier and reduce its impact on their lives.