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Mon, 09 Nov 2026 Feature Article

Who Gets Paid When Ai Learns From Us? The Case For Algorithmic Reparations.

Who Gets Paid When Ai Learns From Us? The Case For Algorithmic Reparations.

Ghana made history when it led the call at the United Nations for reparations. Ghana has become Africa's leading voice on the issue, tabling a UN resolution and hosting a summit in Accra with delegates from around 80 countries. I believe the next chapter of that conversation is not about the past alone. It is about the algorithms that now shape who gets heard, hired, lent money, and believed. I call it algorithmic reparations.

The idea is not mine alone
Let me be clear about where this conversation began. The term was developed by Jenny L. Davis, Apryl Williams, and Michael W. Yang in a 2021 paper. They argue that reparative algorithms should name, unmask, and undo the harms that machine learning systems cause, and that "fairness" fixes fall short. Davis and Williams have since expanded the argument into a book, The Injustice of Fairness. Their work centres on structural inequality inside the systems. I want to add an African angle to it.

Where the Global South enters the story
AI is often described as pure machine genius. The human supply chain behind it tells a different story. In 2023, a TIME investigation reported that OpenAI used outsourced Kenyan workers earning less than $2 an hour to make ChatGPT less toxic. The workers, hired through the firm Sama, reportedly took home between about $1.32 and $2 an hour depending on seniority and performance. Four workers told TIME they were mentally scarred by the content they had to review.

The story has two sides. A Sama spokesperson disputed the workload figures and said workers could earn between $1.46 and $3.74 an hour after taxes. OpenAI said some workers earned more than $2 an hour, and that filtering harmful material is a necessary step in making AI safer. Even so, the pattern is hard to ignore. Wealthy firms build products worth billions, and much of the hidden labour comes from poorer countries.

The data question
There is a second issue that African scholars keep raising: whose knowledge goes into these systems, and whose is missing. A 2026 review of African scholarship on responsible AI points to the marginalisation of African epistemologies, the absence of representative African datasets, and weak locally grounded regulation. One Just AI fellow put it plainly: African languages are not merely datasets, but expressions of identity, culture, history, and sovereignty.

I argue that when global AI products benefit from the labour and cultural output of the Global South, whether paid, underpaid, or scraped, fairness in the code is not enough. Redress is also owed. I will be honest that the full evidence on how much African creative work sits inside training data is still being gathered. That is exactly why we need transparency laws, so researchers can check.

What reparations would look like
I am not talking about a one-time cheque. I mean practical steps:

  • Fair pay and mental-health protection for African data workers.
  • Transparency about what data trains major models and where the labour comes from.
  • Investment in African languages and datasets, owned and governed by Africans.
  • A seat at the table for African researchers and regulators in global AI governance.

The honest debate
Not everyone agrees. A 2024 paper in Big Data & Society argues that algorithmic reparation can be too narrow, and may fall short when an algorithm is not the only cause of a harm. That is a fair challenge, and it is why I want this movement built on evidence, not slogans.

Ghana already knows how to ask the world a hard question about debts and dignity. Let us ask the next one: when the machines learn from us, who benefits, and who is repaid?

Tutu Baffour Brownsy Williams
Tutu Baffour Brownsy Williams, © 2026

Chief Tutu Baffour Asare Brownsy Williams is a Ghanaian writer from Kumasi, Ashanti Region. Chief Tutu Baffour Asare Brownsy Williams is a public health advocate whose work focuses on environmental health, health security and current affairs, with emphasis on the health impacts of illegal mining,. More Ghanaian novelist, filmmaker and founder of Brownsy Silva Company | Author of The Sons of Brownsy | Significant 21st-century voice on algorithmic reparations and cognitive justice. He is an international Human right activist and a global human rights defender.

*Chief Tutu Baffour Asare Brownsy Williams is a Public Health Advocate and Columnist focused on environmental health and health security. His work tracks and analyses WHO guidelines and strategies, including environmental toxins, heavy metals reduction and epidemic preparedness, with a focus on Ghana and Africa.*

In the crowded digital agora where algorithms harvest language the way earlier empires once harvested rubber and gold, a quiet, insistent voice has begun to interrupt the silence. Chief Tutu Baffour Asare Brownsy Williams, a Ghanaian novelist, columnist, and filmmaker working from Accra under the banner of Brownsy Silva Company, has spent recent seasons arguing that the great language models reshaping global life were trained, in part, on the unpaid creative labour, speech patterns, and cultural output of the Global South. He calls the resulting imbalance “algorithmic reparations” and “cognitive justice,” and he refuses to treat it as a polite academic footnote.

Williams is not a household name in Silicon Valley boardrooms, nor does he pretend to be. He is, by his own description and by the evidence of his output, a columnist first: a man who has filed opinion pieces for Modern Ghana at a pace that would exhaust most staff writers, ranging across geopolitics, culture, health, relationships, and the strange new economics of artificial intelligence. Beneath the journalism sits a larger architectural project. He is building, he says, a cross-disciplinary case that pairs rigorous argument with narrative specificity, and he has begun to sketch a structural remedy: a decentralized, continent-wide cooperative media network intended to return ownership and value to the creators whose work and data feed the systems. The proposal is deliberately ambitious. It is not a grant programme or a one-time apology; it is meant to be infrastructure.

Born and raised in Ghana, Williams came to storytelling early. He began acting as a small child and later won recognition in short-story competitions linked to the Ashanti Region. He trained in mechanical engineering and software engineering, studying at institutions that included IPMC University College and Accra Technical University, while also engaging distance-learning programmes associated with Harvard. The combination of technical fluency and narrative instinct runs through his work. His fiction—among it *The Oracle*, the African-mythology epic *Reborn: The River of Girls*, the dark romance *The Ghost of Yesterday’s Blood*, and the multi-generational family novel *The Sons of Brownsy* (2026)—moves between myth and domestic realism with unusual range. *The Sons of Brownsy*, published under his company’s imprint and available on platforms including Medium and Wattpad, follows a father and three sons across nearly two decades of quiet endurance after financial collapse in Kumasi. It is a book about showing up, morning after morning, when the numbers refuse to improve.

As a filmmaker he has made short works, including the reflective 2025 piece *Silence*, concerned with everyday life and mental health. Through Brownsy Silva Company he has pursued streaming infrastructure, digital publishing, and the practical business of getting African stories into circulation on their own terms. Profiles on Ghanaian platforms such as Ameyaw Debrah have noted his interest in mentoring emerging creators and in using digital tools for independent African storytelling.

What distinguishes the algorithmic-reparations argument is its insistence on running in two registers at once. Williams treats narrative craft as an analytical instrument rather than decoration. Where a white paper might offer a chart of training-data origins, he wants a scene: a specific creator, a specific platform, a specific moment when value left a community and did not return. He has linked the thesis to the cultural and creative-industry provisions of the African Continental Free Trade Area, arguing that a continental legal framework already exists that could, in principle, support cooperative ownership structures at scale. Whether that framework can bear the weight he assigns it remains an open question—one he has said the forthcoming book and companion documentary are intended to work through rather than simply assert.

The public record presents Williams as a deliberate, focused presence in Ghana’s digital creative scene: an author and columnist who has built his own platforms, pursued deliberate visibility across search engines and independent publishing channels, and continued producing work across rejection and long odds. Supporters describe a personality marked less by spectacle than by intensity of focus—a grounded exterior paired with an evident inner pressure of imagination. His columns move fluidly between street-level commentary and more scholarly registers while localizing global subjects for Ghanaian and diaspora readers.

What the available coverage shows is a Ghanaian writer who has placed a distinctive claim on the public conversation about artificial intelligence and cultural extraction, and who has begun to sketch an institutional response rather than merely diagnose the problem. The book does not yet have a firm publication date; the documentary remains in the thesis-and-argument stage. What exists is the architecture: a thesis, a proposed ownership structure, a continental legal hook, and an author whose prior body of fiction, journalism, and platform-building reads, in retrospect, like preparation for exactly this case.

Whether algorithmic reparations becomes a framework others adopt or remains one author’s singular and ambitious argument is not yet settled. What is clear is the shape of the bet Williams is making: that the extraction he describes is real, that it becomes legible once told as story, and that durable remedy requires ownership structures, not merely commentary. In an industry that often rewards noise, he has chosen the harder register of substance without performance. The ledger, he insists, remains open.
Column: Tutu Baffour Brownsy Williams

Disclaimer: "The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect ModernGhana official position. ModernGhana will not be responsible or liable for any inaccurate or incorrect statements in the contributions or columns here." Follow our WhatsApp channel for meaningful stories picked for your day.

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