Women Entrepreneurs Thriving Worldwide
The latest Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) counts more than 200 million women entrepreneurs, high levels of innovation, and encouraging gender gap improvements....
Entrepreneurial activity among women has increased by seven percent across 61 economies worldwide in just two years.
Women entrepreneurs have narrowed the gender gap by six percent since 2012 and are adding to the economic engine that is entrepreneurship – this according to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2014 Women’s Report released today with sponsors Babson College, Universidad Del Desarrollo, Universiti Tun Abdul Razak (UNIRAZAK), and Tecnológico de Monterrey.
The report serves as the most comprehensive research ever conducted on women’s entrepreneurship and now confirms more than 200 million women entrepreneurs starting or running new businesses in 83 economies across the globe. An additional 128 million are running established businesses.
According to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2014 Women’s Report:
Women entrepreneurs in nearly half of the surveyed economies are now equal to, or even outpacing their male counterparts in terms of innovation -- demonstrating a growing parity between men and women selling products and services that are new to consumers and not generally offered by competitors.
”Promoting women’s entrepreneurship requires more than increasing the rate in which women start businesses,” said Babson College Professor and report author Donna Kelley . “Our GEM research shows that women entrepreneurs are frequently innovative, which demonstrates the impact they can have on their societies. Supporting women’s aspirations to innovate could be an important means of creating businesses with a competitive edge, and those with novel solutions to improve people’s lives.”
Also, the more women participate in the workforce, relative to men, the more likely they are to be, or become, entrepreneurs. This conclusion derives from an analysis of total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) in relation to gender gap indicators measured by the World Economic Forum (WEF).
In economies with a greater proportion of women starting businesses - in teams of three or more co-founders - there is also a greater likelihood they will have job-creation ambitions.
“The 2014 GEM Women’s Report helps us better understand the diversity among women business owners and their businesses, including an important recognition of the value created by women working in teams within, and across, their businesses,” added Babson College Professor and report author Patricia Greene .
Women around the world, on average, are also pursuing opportunity-driven entrepreneurial activity proportionate to men, resulting in a smaller gender gap in the percentage of entrepreneurs with opportunity motivations in every region.
And in ten economies, women are as or more likely to be entrepreneurs than men. They include El Salvador and Brazil in Latin America and the Caribbean; Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines in Southeast Asia; and Zambia, Nigeria, Uganda, and Ghana in Africa.
“In most economies, the prescriptions for success are based on studies of male entrepreneurs. In the past two decades, the rise of women entrepreneurs helps us to better understand the factors leading to start-up success and growth of both men and women entrepreneurs,” said Babson College Vice Provost of Global Entrepreneurial Leadership and report author Candida Brush . “GEM data is central to providing this information”
About the Report
The GEM Global Women’s Report offers an in-depth view of women who start and run businesses around the world. It provides both a broadly global and a comprehensively detailed foundation for guiding future research, policy decision-making, and the design of initiatives and programs that can enhance awareness about women’s entrepreneurship. The ultimate aim is to foster an environment that encourages women to see entrepreneurship as a viable career option and to equip them with the tools to create the type and quality of businesses they wish to build, as well as create broader awareness among stakeholders who will support their efforts. This report covers 83 economies: 73 economies that participated in the 2014 GEM cycle and an additional ten economies that were included in the survey in 2013, but not 2014.
Unique features of this report include assessments of the percentage change in rates and gender gap for several key indicators among 61 economies that were featured in both this report and the 2012 report, and analyses of the relationship between gender gap indicators measured by the World Economic Forum and GEM entrepreneurship rates. The report also highlights comparisons across economic development levels and regional groups for multiple indicators on activity, attitudes, and impact.
The GEM Women’s Report is authored by Donna Kelley, Candida Brush, Patricia Greene, Mike Herrington , Abdul Ali , and Penny Kew.
Key Findings
Motivated Women
- U.S. women entrepreneurs demonstrate among the highest rates of activity (11 percent) in the developed world.
Entrepreneurship Activity
- Among 61 economies (out of 83) featured in this report and also in the previous report based on 2012 data, overall TEA rates have increased by 7 percent since 2012, and the gender gap (ratio of women to men participating in entrepreneurship) has narrowed by 6 percent.
- TEA rates and gender gap ratios saw substantial positive upward movement in three regions: factor and efficiency-driven Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and innovation-driven Europe.
The 83 economies examined in this report show substantial differences in women’s TEA rates, ranging from a high of 41 percent in Nigeria and Zambia to a low of 2 percent in Suriname and Japan.
- In 10 economies, women are as likely as men, or more likely than men, to be entrepreneurs: El Salvador and Brazil in Latin America and the Caribbean; Viet Nam, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines in Southeast Asia; and Zambia, Nigeria, Uganda and Ghana in Africa.
- Africa’s high female TEA rates are fuelled by a high proportion of women who intend to start in the near future.
The difference between TEA and established business rates is minimal for innovation-driven economies, while factor- and efficiency-driven economies show half the level of established business activity relative to TEA.
- This suggests greater demand for entrepreneurship in developing economies than in developed economies, with comparatively fewer enterprises making it to the mature stage.
- Innovation-driven economies exhibit less demand for entrepreneurship, but those who start are more likely to start sustainable businesses, and/or the environment enables this sustainability.
Entrepreneur Characteristics
- Factor- and efficiency-driven regions trend toward younger entrepreneurs, with the 25-34 age groups having the highest rates.
- This is also the case in North America. The GEM 2014 United States report showed increased activity among young women with a 17 percent TEA rate among 25-34 year olds.
- The remaining innovation-driven regions show the highest entrepreneurship rates among 35-44 year-olds.
The gender gap in the percentage of entrepreneurs with opportunity motivations is relatively low in every region.
- In the innovation-driven Middle East economies, women are proportionately more likely to have opportunity motives, but the TEA gender gap suggests that few start relative to men and rarely out of necessity.
GEM findings suggest that economies with a higher percentage of women entrepreneurs starting in teams of three or more also have a greater proportion of those with job creation ambitions.
- The highest prevalence of women entrepreneurs operating in teams was in the innovation-driven Middle East (27 percent) and innovation-driven Asia and Oceania (24 percent) regions.
Attitudes
- High female TEA rates in an economy are associated with the likelihood women in society know an entrepreneur.
- Affiliations with entrepreneurs can offer role models, advice, contacts, and support, which may explain why economies with many women who know entrepreneurs are also likely to have high female startup rates.
- Many European economies exhibit an interesting finding, reporting low female entrepreneurship rates but many women in society who know entrepreneurs.
Female TEA rates are also high where women hold strong perceptions about the presence of opportunities for starting a business.
- The gender difference for this indicator is relatively narrow (40 percent for women versus 45 percent for men), and in a number of factor- and efficiency-driven economies, women are slightly more likely than men to perceive good business opportunities.
- Europe, Israel, and the United States saw increased female opportunity perceptions, but with less change to the gender ratio.
This report shows a strong positive association between capability perceptions and TEA rates among women.
- The findings also reveal a noticeable gender gap in this indicator (46 percent for women versus 59 percent for men).
Impact
- Women entrepreneurs in nearly half of the economies in the GEM sample report equal or higher innovation levels than men entrepreneurs
- In almost three-quarters of the economies in efficiency-driven Europe, female entrepreneurs report higher levels of innovation than male entrepreneurs.
- In Chile and India, more than half of women entrepreneurs believe they offer innovative products or services.
More than two-thirds of women entrepreneurs operate in the consumer-oriented sector, with around three-fourths of women entrepreneurs competing in these types of businesses in Africa, in factor- and efficiency-driven Asia, and in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Among innovation-driven economies, North America and Europe exhibit a high prevalence (over one-fourth) of women entrepreneurs in the knowledge-intensive business services sector.
Analyses of TEA rates with gender gap indicators measured by WEF, shows that the rate of female entrepreneurship activity increases significantly with greater parity in economic participation. This indicates that the more women participate in the economy relative to men, the more likely they are to be entrepreneurs.
For the full report visit: http://gemconsortium.org/report/49281
Issued by: Rothko PR on behalf of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor