body-container-line-1
13.12.2009 Feature Article

ECONOMIC BLOCKADE DISORDERS AS WAR DISORDERS

ECONOMIC BLOCKADE DISORDERS AS WAR DISORDERS
13.12.2009 LISTEN

§ 1. Introduction
The world is ripe for the ushering in of a new era where human beings could live peacefully with one another were those people involved in deliberately instigating war disorders to relinquish their constant threats they pose to mankind and the universe as a whole. At least in this modern-day we acknowledge that wars are never caused by citizens in its entirety or by individuals per say for frivolous reasons, but instead by afflicted leaders that some countries have instituted. Seen from this perspective, it would be wrong for any country or power to use this irresponsible behaviour a country's leadership possesses to punish the inhabitants (innocent citizens) of this sovereign country. As the consequences could be catastrophic; this could occur to many normal people that form parts of the citizens of this particular country.

As the proper functioning of a nation depends on its absence of chaos, contentions, and confusion, unnecessary steps that are carried out by any outside influence, powers or catastrophes could bring non-equilibrium minds to these people. This is one of the reasons why any step such as the blockade of a country concerning its economic activities, which are the sources of their prosperity, could force a situation of orderliness and serenity to develop into pandemonium leading to colossal confusion. An infectious disorder originating from the external world would, therefore, not be appropriate to any functioning economic that requires the equilibrium minds of its potential investors and industrious citizens at work.

§ 2. Definition
The disorder of economic blockade or the tempering of economic capacities is where countries or some powers, which have external influence, cause problems to a sovereign country through pressure in order to disrupt its economic activities that comprise the sources of their prosperity. It is a disorder that could come from many sources that the country in question has no power to resist and may directly or indirectly be channelled to weaken the leadership of a country that its citizens may not have the slightest strength to resist or replace. An authoritarian leadership that has its grips on citizens could be the cause of this disturbance that has called for this blockade. How could these citizens initiate a change of such a form of government, especially if the leader is suffering from a disorder, such as AZC, superwunsken, schizophrenic, or psychotic?

The economy of any country is the source of the country's worth and dignity; in fact, it is the lifeblood. Therefore, any disorder involving this important sector could lead not only to chaos and confusion, but also paranoid symptoms, winmust syndromes, SCP disorders and etc. The most fanatical groups would commence to indulge in a behaviour that would make them suffer the risk of Norman psychosis, which is automatic response to commit a conspiracy without adequate rationalisation or thoughts.

§ 3. Symptoms/Characteristics
Experience has shown that due to modern civilisation, those days when one individual, individuals or a group of people initiate wars that spread to engulf the whole citizen has ceased. Instead, wars are cunningly commenced either through manipulation of the ruling government or the machination of a group that formed the core of the ruling elite. Therefore, the idea that citizens could be punished because of the disorders of its leadership is totally wrong and would not be good for the proper functioning of societies. What are the real symptoms, specific characteristics or the consequences of these disorders of economic blockade?

It is generally accepted that citizens of a particular country cannot initiate easily to effect a change of its form of government, particularly if the leaders are in the habit of indulging in malpractices at the state of politicomadness, filialdumm, Norman psychosis due to the tragedies and the sufferings from different disorders. These disorders could be AZC, superwunsken, schizophrenic, or psychosis. Here, the general atmosphere in the country would be chaos and immense confusion. There is no way the people in the country could be considered as supporting totally without apprehension what the leadership would do next and the sides they should take. This general atmosphere of pandemonium should not therefore be augmented with what is considered as a punishment to weaken the grip of the leaders who anyway have no contact with reality and as a result do not assent to the worsening and deteriorating situation in the country.

As the leaders become paranoid and thereafter look for “scapegoats” or “enemies of collaboration” with a foreign power, so also would the citizens be suffering from paranoid symptoms, winmust syndromes, SCP disorders that will increase the chaos and confusion all the more. Fanatical groups among them would begin to indulge in unnecessary behaviours that would make them suffer Norman psychosis. Chicken brooding disorders could be experienced in some quarters of the country. And as the economy of the country is the sources of the country's worth and dignity and being its lifeblood, but presently deficit, could lead the whole society to fall apart.

§ 4. Case Studies
(a) War in Antiquity
Many nations perished with their citizens (the young, the aged, and its women and children) due to the improper blockade rival army surrounded their fenced city or community. The Biblical Story of the fall of the Walls of Jericho is one example where the whole people perished at the swords of the children of Israel. The Israelites themselves suffered hunger and perished in the hands of aggressive nation that encamped behind their city walls for several days to force them to give up.

(b) Cuba in the Modern World
This nation for the past 40 or more years has suffered in the hands of the world and its aggressive neighbour that had no sympathy for its women and children.

(c ) Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe nationals suffered greatly from the hands of the world and some notable countries in Europe due to their afflicted leader who became obsessed with power at the expense of the hungry citizens of the nation.

§ 5. Analysis and Discussion
In War Psychiatry, certain disorders can be transmitted, especially if the bad behaviour of certain individuals or sovereign nations that portray extreme inherent disorders in turn causes other individuals to suffer a similar disorder or become entangled in further disorders. A nation and its citizens that are going through different disturbances or disorders engineered by its leaders that have individuals psychiatric problems should not be made to face further humiliating maltreatments/disorders that they cannot do anything about it. Economic blockade is one such disorder that could consequently lead to further disturbances that may have dire consequences on the people in the country. First of all, it would intensify the emergence of Chicken Brooding Disorders (CBD) in the different parts of the country. Secondly, the general atmosphere could lead to many citizens becoming sufferers of paranoid symptoms, Norman psychosis, winmust syndrome, SCP disorders, psychotic, and etc due to the unpredictable behaviour of its leaders. Leaders of this people that are suffering from AZC or Superwunsken disorders could brutalise these citizens/subjects and the foreigners that live among them. They could, for example, use them as human shield or employ them as slaves or force them to work as common labourers. Furthermore, they could use their countries as the training ground for terrorist war patients who could be going around in the world organising Suicidium Bombings and illegitimate threats. The terrorist activities of these patients would further escalate trouble in the whole world, including the threat of flying aeroplanes and these troubles leading to enormous amount of money to be used for providing security in the country in question.

Economic blockade disorders reflect also the behaviour of the pressuring-authority (i.e., the Agent or Authority) that falls into the inhumane manner of dealing with innocent citizens, including children, women, the handicapped, and the elderly. The disorders speak less well on the behavioural characteristics of the suffering nation as well as the pressuring-nation. The latter may probably be “War fathers” or “Ancestor nations” noted for their “parasitic behaviours” in the world and the manner they breed war and disorders in the overall part of the world. While engaging in petty peace making efforts, on the other hand, they are engaged in causing colossal disturbances around the world to the dismay of the sympathetic world's inhabitants.

Bibliography
Ackerknecht, E. H. (1971) Medicine & Ethnology: Selected Essays. (Eds.). Walser, H. H., and

Koelbing, H. M., Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins.

Andersson, C. M., et al. (1986) Schizophrenia in the Family: A Practitioner's Guide to

Psychoeducation and Management. New York: Guildford Press.

Ang, P. C., & Weller, M. P. I., (1984) Koro and psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 145,

335.
Appiah-Kubi, K. (1981) Man Cures, God Heals: Religion and Medical Practice among the

Akans of Ghana. Totowa, NJ: Allanheld, Osmun & Co., Publishers.

Apter, D. E. (1963) Ghana in Transition. New York: Athenum.

Argyle, M., & Delin, P. (1965) Non-universal laws of socialization. Human Relations, 18:77-

86.
Armah, A. K. (1979) The Healers. London and Ibadan: Heinemann.

Assimeng, M. (1989) Religion and Social Change in West Africa: An Introduction to the

Sociology of Religion. Accra: Ghana Universities Press.

Asuni, T. (1967) Tropical neuropathy and psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 113,

1031-1033.
Asuni, T. (1971) Vagrant psychotics in Abeokuta. Journal of the National Medical

Association, 63, 173-180.
Aubin, H. (1952) L'Homme et La Magie. Bibliothéque Neuro-Psychiatrique de Langue

Francaise. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer et Cie.
Ayim-Aboagye, D. (1993) The Function of Myth in Akan Healing Experience: A Psychological

Inquiry into Two Akan Healing Communities (Diss.) Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis

Psychologia et Sociologia Religionum 9. Uppsala.
Ayim-Aboagye, D. (1997) The Psychology of Akan Religious Healing. Religionsvetenskaliga

Skrifter nr 36. Åbo: Åbo Akademi University.
Ayim-Aboagye, D. (1997) Using Christian Religious Resources in the Welfare of Prisoners:

The Case of Swedish Prisons. Religionsvetenskaliga Skrifter nr 37. Åbo: Åbo

Akademi University.
Ayim-Aboagye, D. (2000) Prison, Punishment and the Church. A Socio-Psychological

Investigation of the Work of Chaplains among the Immigrant Inmates in

Swedish Prisons. Religionspsykologiska Skrifter 8. Uppsala: Uppsala

University.
Ayim-Aboagye, D. (nd) The Psychiatric Care in West African Mental Hospitals: The Impact

of Religion and Tradition on the Care of Mental Patients (A book in progress)

Baucom, D. H., et al. (1998) Empirically supported couple and family interventions for adult

mental health problems. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66: 53-

88.
Bebbington, P., & Kuipers L. (1993) Social causation of schizophrenia. In Bhugra, D., &

Leff, L. (eds.) Principles of Social Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific

Publications. Pp. 82-98.
Beiser, M. et al. (1972) Assessing psychiatric disorder among the Serer of Senegal. Journal of

nervous and Mental Diseases, 154, 141-151.
Bell, C. (1992) Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bellack, A. S., et al. (2000) Effects of behavioural family management on family

communication and patient outcomes in schizophrenia. British Journal of

Psychiatry, 177: 434-439.
Benedict, P. K., and Jacks, I. (1954) Mental Illness in Primitive Societies, 17: 377-389.

Bennett, D. et al. (2004) Anorexia nervosa among female secondary school students in

Ghana. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185:312-317.

Bento-vim, D. I. (1985) DSM III in Botswana a field trial in a developing country. American

Journal of Psychiatry, 142: 342-345.
Bergstrand, G. (1982) Att Arbeta med Livsåskådningsfrågor i Psykoterapi. Stencil.

Stockholm: S:t Lukasstiftelsen.
Bergstrand, G. (1988) Tro och Misstro. Stockholm: Natur och Kurtur.

Bhugra, D., & Leff, L. (1993) Principles of Social Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific

Publications.
Bhugra, D., & Buchanan, A. (1993) Attitudes towards mental illness. In Bhugra, D., & Leff,

L. (eds.) Principles of Social Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific

Publications. Pp. 385-399.
Bhugra, D., & Gregoire, A. (1993) Social factors in the genesis and management of postnatal

psychiatric disorders. In Bhugra, D., & Leff, L. (eds.) Principles of Social

Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Pp. 424-436.

Bhugra, D. (1993) Influence of culture on presentation and management of patients. . In

Bhugra, D., & Leff, L. (eds.) Principles of Social Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.

Bhugra, D. (1993) Unemployment, poverty and homelessness. In Bhugra, D., & Leff, L.

(eds.) Principles of Social Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific

Publications. Pp. 355-382.
Berrios, G. E., & Morley, S. J. (1984) Koro-like symptom in a non-Chinese subject. British

Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 331-334.
Boateng, A. A. (1966) A Geography of Ghana. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Boisen, A. T. (1960) Out of the Depths. New York: Harper.

Bondestam, S. et al. (1990) The prevalence and treatment of mental disorders and epilepsy in

Zanzibar. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 81: 327-331.

Berger, P., and Luckmann, T. (1966) The Social Construction of Reality. New York: Harper Bk.

Bourgignon, E. (1975) Possession and trance in cross-cultural studies of mental health. In

Culture-Bound Syndromes, Ethnopsychiatry, and Alternative Therapies. Lebra,

W. P. (Ed.) Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.

Bradford, D. (1984) The Experience of God. Phenomenology and Schizophrenia. New York:

Free University Press.
Breuer, J., & Freud, S. (1956) Studies in Hysteria. London: Hogarth Press.

Brown, G. W. et al. (1972) Influence of the family life on the course of schizophrenic

disorders: a replication. British Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 241-258.

Brugha, T. S. (1993) Social support Networks. In Bhugra, D., & Leff, L. (eds.) Principles of

Social Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Pp. 502-516.

Buckley, A. D. (1976) The secret- an idea in Yoruba medicinal thought. In Social

Anthropology and Medicine, Louden, J. B. (Ed.) ASA Monograph No. 13.

London: Academic Press.
Bulik, C. M. et al. (2001) Features of sexual childhood sexual abuse and the development of

psychiatric and substance use disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179:444-

449.
Burstein, S. R. (1952) Public health and prevention of disease in primitive communities. The

Advancement of Science, 9: 5.
Buss, A. R. (1978) Causes and reasons in attribution theory a conceptual critique. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology Vol.36, 11:1311-1321.

Byrnes, J. F. (1984) The Psychology of Religion. New York: The Free Press.

Calestro, K. M. (1972) Psychotherapy, faith healing and suggestion. International Journal of

Psychiatry, 10 (2): 83-113.
Carothers, J. C. (1947) A study of mental derangement in Africans, and an attempt to explain its

peculiarities, more especially in relation to the African attitude to life. Journal of

Mental Science, 93: 549-597.
Carpenters, J. C., & Brocknington, I. F. (1980) A study of mental illness of Asians, West Indians

and Africans living in Manchester. British Journal of Psychiatry, 137: 201-205.

Carpenter, W., and Buchanan, R.W. (1995) Schizophrenia: Introduction and overview. In

Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/VI volume 1, 6th Edition. Kaplan, H. I. &

Sadock, B. J. (eds.) pp. 889-902, Baltimore: William and Wilkins.

Carsters, G. M. (1977) Protective elements in traditional cultures. Journal of Psychosomatic

Research, 21, 307-312.
Castro, R., and Eroza, E. (1998) Research notes on social subjectivity: Individuals' experience of

susto and fallen fontanelle in a rural community in Central Mexico. Culture,

Medicine and Psychiatry, 22: 203-230.
Cobbing, J. (1977) The absent priesthood: Another look at the Rhodesian risings of 1896-1977.

JAH, 18/ 1: 61-84.
Cochrane, R., & Bal, S. S. (1987) Migration and schizophrenia: An examination of five

hypotheses. Social Psychiatry, 22, 181-191.
Cohen, C. I., et al. (2004) Racial differences in paranoid ideation and psychoses in an Older

Urban population. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161:864-871.

Conco, W. Z. (1979) The African Bantu traditional practice of medicine some preliminary

observations. In African Therapeutic Systems, (Eds.) Ademuwagun, Z. A. et al.,

Pp. 58-80. Crossroads Press.
Cooper, Z., & Paykel, E. S. (1993) Social factors in the onset and maintenance of depression. In

Bhugra, D., & Leff, L. (eds.) Principles of Social Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell

Scientific Publications. Pp. 99-121.
Corbeil, J. J. (nd) Bemba Bush Medicines. Moto Moto Museum, Mbala Zambia.

Cox, A. (1993) Social factors in child psychiatric disorder. In Bhugra, D., & Leff, L. (eds.)

Principles of Social Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Pp.

202-233.
Creed, F. (1993) Life events. In Bhugra, D., & Leff, L. (eds.) Principles of Social Psychiatry.

Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Pp. 144-161.

Crisp, A. H., et al. (2000) Stigmatisation of people with mental illness. British Journal of

Psychaitry, 177: 4-7.
Cullberg, J. (1984) Dynamisk Psykiatri i Teori och Praktik. Stockholm: Natur och Kultur.

Dawson, J. (1964) Urbanization and mental health in a West African community, In Kiev, A.

(ed.), Magic, Faith and Healing: Studies in Primitive Psychiatry Today. New

York: Free Press
Dawson, J. (1979) Traditional concepts of mental health in Sierra Leone. In: African Therapeutic

Systems, (Eds.) Ademuwagun et al. Crossroad Press. pp. 3-7.

Day, R. et al. (1987) Stressful life events preceding the acute onset of schizophrenia: a cross

national study from the World Health Organization. Culture, Medicine and

Psychiatry, 11, 123-205.
DeMarinis, V. (1990) Movement as mediator of memory and meaning: An investigation of the

psychological and spiritual function of dance in religious ritual. In: D. Adams (ed.),

Dance as Religious Studies. New York: Crossroads.
DeMarinis, V. (1994) Transitional Objects and Safe Space: A Theoretical and Methodological

Interaction between Psychology of Religion and Ritual Studies. Acta Universitatis

Upsaliensis, Psychologia et Sociologia Religionum 10. Uppsala.

De Reuck, A. V. S. & Porter, R. (Eds.) (1965) Transcultural Psychiatry. London: J. & A.

Churchil Ltd.
Devereux, G., (1956) Normal and abnormal: The key problem in psychiatric anthropology. In

Some Uses of Anthropology: Theoretical and Applied. Casagrande, J. B., and

Gladwin, T. (Eds.) pp. 23-48. Washington D.C.: Anthropological Society of

Washington.
Devereux, G. (1961) Mohave Ethnopsychiatry and Suicide: The Psychiatric Knowledge and

the Psychic Disturbances of an Indian Tribe. Washington: Smithsonian

Institution Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 175, United States Government Printing Office.

Devereux, G., (1963) Primitive psychiatric diagnosis—A general theory of the diagnostic

process, In Gadston, I. (Ed.), Man's Image in Medicine and Anthropology. New

York: New York Academic of Medicine and International Universities Press.

Dhadphale, M. et al. (1983) The frequency of psychiatry disorders among patients attending

semi-urban and rural general out-patients clinics in Kenya. British Journal of

Psychiatry, 142: 379-383.
Dixon, L., et al. (2000) Update on family psychoeducation for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia

Bulletin, 26: 5-20.
Dixon, L. B. & Lehman, A. F. (1995) Family interventions for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia

Bulletin, 21: 631-643.
Eisenberg, L. (1977) Disease and illness. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 1, 9-12.

El-Islam, M. F. (1979) A better outlook for schizophrenics living in extended families. British

Journal of Psychiatry, 135: 343-347.
Elsarrag, M. E. (1968) Psychiatry in the Northern Sudan: a study in comparative psychiatry.

British Journal of Psychiatry, 114: 945-948.
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1937) Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande. London:

Oxford University Press.
Fabrega, H. (1984) Culture and psychiatric illness: Biomedical and ethnomedical aspects”,

Marsella, In Cultural Conceptions of Mental Health and Therapy. A. J. and G.

M. White (Eds.) Culture, Illness, and Healing 4. pp. 39-68. D. Boston: Reidel

Publishing Company.
Fallon, I. R., et al. (1984) Family Care of Schizophrenia. New York: Guilford Press.

Fallon, I. R., et al. (1996) Family treatment of schizophrenia, the design and research

application of therapist training model. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice

Research, 5: 45-56.
Farmer, A. E., & Falkowski, W. F. (1985) Margot in the salt: The snake factor and the

treatment of atypical psychosis in West African women. British Journal of

Psychiatry, 146, 446-448.
Field, M. J. (1960) Search for Security: An Ethnopsychiatric Study of Rural Ghana. Evanston,

III: Northwestern University Press.
Field, M. J. (1968) Chronic psychosis in rural Ghana. British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 33-

33.
Fisher, R. B. (1998) West African Religious Traditions. Focus on the Akan of Ghana.

Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books.
Florsheim, P. (1990) Cross-cultural views of the self in the self in the treatment of mental

illness: Disentangling the curative aspects of myths from the mythic of cure.

Psychiatry, 53:340-315.
Frank, J. D. et al. (Eds.) (1978) Effective Ingredients of Successful Psychotherapy. New York:

Brunner/Mazel Publsihers.
Frank, J. D. (1978) Expectation and therapeutic outcome—The placebo effect and the role

induction interview. In Frank, J. D. (Eds.), Effective Ingredients of Successful

Psychotherapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel Publsihers.

Freud, S. (1915) The Unconscious. In SE 14.
Freud, S. (1923) The Ego and the Id. In SE 19.
Freud, S. (1950) Totem and Taboo. New York: W. W. Norton.

Freud, S. (1961) The Future of an Illusion. Transl. by J. Strachey. W. W. Norton.

Freud, S. (1923) The Ego and the Id. In SE 19.
Ghana Handbook of Commerce & Industry (1988/1989) Ministry of Trade and Tourism.

Ghana Statistical Service. 2001. 2000 Population Census of Ghana: Preliminary Analysis

Report. GSS, Accra, Ghana.
Giel, R., & Van Luijk, J. N. (1969) Psychiatry morbidity in a small Ethiopian town. British

Journal of Psychiatry, 115:149-162.
Good, C. M. (1987) Ethnomedical Systems in Africa. Patterns of Traditional Medicine in

Rural and Urban Kenya. New York: Guilford Press.
Good, C. M. (1988) Traditional healers and AIDS management in Africa. In Miller, N. And

Rockwell, R. (Eds.) Aids in Africa: The Social Impact. New York: Mellon Press.

Green, E. C. (1994) Aids and STDs in Africa. Bridging the Gap Between Traditional Healing

and Modern Medicine. Boulder: Westview Press.
Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (Eds.) (2002) Handbook of Interview Research. Context and

Method. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Gutmann, B. (1909) Dichten und Denken der Dschagganeger. Leipzig.

Gwassa, G. C. K. (1972) Kinjikitile and the ideology of Maji Maji. pp. 202-217. In Ranger, T.

O. and Kimambo, I. (Eds.) The Historical Study of African Religion. London:

Heinemann.
Halford, W. K. (1991) Beyond expressed emotion: behavioural assessment of family

interaction associated with the course of schizophrenia. Behavioral Assessment,

13: 19-123.
Hallowell, A. I. (1934) Culture and mental disorder. Journal of Abnormal and Social

Psychology, 29, 1-9.
Harding, T. (1973) Psychosis in a rural West African community. Social Psychiatry, 8, 198-

203.
Harley, G. W. (1941) Native African Medicine. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Harpham, T. (1993) Urbanization and mental disorder. In Bhugra, D., & Leff, L. (eds.)

Principles of Social Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Pp.

346-353.
Harvey, O. J., Hunt, D. E., & Schroder, H. M. (1961) Conceptual Systems and Personality Organization. New York: Wiley.

Hedberg, I., & Staugård, F. (1989) Traditional Medicine in Botswana. Traditional Medicinal

Plants. Broadhurst, Gaborone: Ipelegeng Publishers.

Helmbrock, H. G., and Weigert A. (1980) Current Studies on Rituals. Perspective for the

Psychology of Religion. Amsterdam: Rodopi. International Series in the

Psychology of Religion
Hill, P. (1993) Social psychiatry of adolescence. In Bhugra, D., & Leff, L. (eds.) Principles of Social Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Pp. 234-248.

Hirsch, S., & Jarman, B. (1993) Changing approaches to determining mental health service

resource needs. In Bhugra, D., & Leff, L. (eds.) Principles of Social Psychiatry.

Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Pp. 517-527.

Hoehn-Saric, R. (1978) Emotional arousal, attitude change, and psychotherapy, In Effective

Ingredients of successful Psychotherapy. (Eds.) Frank, J. D. Et al. New York:

Brunner/Mazel Publishers.
Holland, A. (1993) Social aspects of mental handicap. In Bhugra, D., & Leff, L. (eds.)

Principles of Social Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Pp.

331-345.
Hollingshead, A. and Redlich, F. (1960) Social Class and Mental Illness. New York:

MacMillan and Co.
Holm, N. G. (1976) Tungotal och andedop. En religionspsykologisk undersökning av

glossolali hos finlandssvenska pingstvänner. Acta Universitatis Uppsaliensis.

Psychologia Religionum 5. Uppsala.
Holm, N. G. (1987a) Sundén's role theory and glossolalia. Journal for the Scientific Study of

Religion 26, 3: 383-389.
Holm, N. G. (1987b) Scandinavian Psychology of Religion. Religionsvetenskap liga Skrifter nr

15, Åbo Akademi.
Hood, R. W. (1974) Psychological strength and the report of intense religious experience.

Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 13: 65-71.

Hsu, F. L. K. (1943) Magic and Science in Western Yunnan. Inst. Pac. Rel., New York.

Hughes, C. (1969) Psychocultural dimensions of social change. In Finney, J. C. (Ed.), Culture,

Mental Health and Poverty. Lexington: University of Kenntucky Press, pp.173-

202.
Maslow, A. (1943) “A Theory of Human Motivation: The Basic Needs.” Psychological Review. Vol. 50, pp. 370-396.


Development / Accra / Ghana / Africa / Modernghana.com

body-container-line